ืคืจืง 8

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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”: ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™

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"ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื ึธื” ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™."

ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืื‘ื™

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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืงื“ืฉืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื“ื™ื ื”ึผ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื—ื•ืœื™. ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื  ื›ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืคืฉื˜. ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืฉื‘ึดึผืชื—ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžึฐืจื‘ึผื™ืช. ืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœึดื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ื ืงืช ื•ึผืžื“ืœื“ืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื”. ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” 'ืžืชื ืคื—ืช' ื‘ึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ืชื”ึผ ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืžื›ืกืฃ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžึตืขืจืš ืืžืชื™. ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžึตื”ืจืก ื•ึผืžึตื—ื•ืœื™.

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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”" ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง-ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืœืจึทื•ึฐื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ื™ื.

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ืชื—ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื”, ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืก. ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ึผืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช-ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœึทื”ึฒืœึทืš-ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช, ืชืœื•ืช, ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืžื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—, ื‘ึดึผื›ืœืœ-ื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื ึทืขึฒืœืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ืื ื‘ึผึดื›ืœืœ, ืœืจึทื•ึฐื—ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžึทื˜ึผื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.

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ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื–ื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžึทืฆึผื™ืขื™ื ืขืจืš ืืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™-ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ื‘ึดึผืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช, ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ึผืชืœื•ืช. ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ึผืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืกื•ืœื ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขึดืœื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืžืฉืื‘ึผื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืžื“-ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื "ืœื”ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื”".

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ื—ึฒื‘ึธืจื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืกื•ืงืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื—ืกืจื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ึผื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ึฒืœึทืš-ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืึฑื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ืคื•ืก ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื ื™ ื”ืžืคื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ึผืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ืช-ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”"ืกืœืคื™" ื•ื”"ืคื•ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ".

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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื“ึธื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืคืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•ึน ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ืกืจืช-ืจื—ืžื™ื ื–ื•ึน ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžึทื˜ึผื™ืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื›ืจืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ื•ึผืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช-ืขืชึตืง ื•ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืงื•-ื”ืขื•ื ื™. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืจืคื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื ื™, ืกื‘ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืจืก.

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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ืคืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ึผื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืกื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™.

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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืืช ื”ืขึดืœื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช-ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ึผืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืขืกื•ืงื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•ึผืžื“ืœื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ, ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื“ึดืœืงื™-ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื–ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ึผื™ื ื•ึผืžื•ืชื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื•ืช. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžึตืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœึทืึฒ'ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ึดึผื“ึฐื‘ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื” ืึฒืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื ืฉืœืœื•ืช ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ึผื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื, ืฉืชืฉื—ืจืจื ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ื•ึผื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.

"ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืขืกืง ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืขืกืงืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืœื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืืœื ืืฃ ื—ืกืจ ื›ื ื•ืช. ื–ื•ึน ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ึทึผืคึผื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ."

ื ื™ืง ื”ืื ืื•ื•ืจ, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ื”ืžืงื“ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืจืฆืืช TED

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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื ืืœ ื›ื™ืกื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช-ืžืก ื•ึผืžืงืœื˜ื™-ืžืก ืœืขืฆืžื.

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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ึน ืืช ื–ื•ึน. ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“, ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื. ืืคื™ืœื• "ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช", ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืžื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ึผื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.

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"ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืช "ืื•ืœื™ื’ืจื›ื™ื”", ืฉื‘ื”ึผ ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื›ึดึผื’ืžื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืจ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•."

ื’'ื™ืžื™ ืงืจื˜ืจ, ื ึฐืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ

 

ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื“ืœื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžึทืฆึผื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ืฆื ื•ืื™ืœื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ืฉื—ื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ึผืžื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.

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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ืช: ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืฉื“ืœื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื’ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1998 ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 2014 ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.

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ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ืœื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช-ื‘ึดึผืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืงื‘ึผื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ึผืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.

"ื”ืืžืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืœึดืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ึดึผืฉืžื”ึผ โ€“ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ืงื” ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงืช, ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืจืง ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ -- ื›ืš ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื."

ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™, ื‘ึดึผื ืื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื ืื˜, 2013.โ€‹

 

ืืžืฆืขื™-ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

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ืืžืฆืขื™-ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืกื“ืจ-ื™ื•ืžื. ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ("ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื") ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ึผ. ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื•ึผื ืขืช ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืจื•ื•ื—, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ึดึผืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื•ึผืฉื˜ื™ืคืช-ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ื›ืœืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœึดืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœึทื—ึฒืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœึดื“ืคื•ืกื™-ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—.

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ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืกึดืจืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ึดึผืžื›ื™ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžึทื–ึผื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ึถืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื“ืขืชื  ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ืชืคึผืฉืช ื›ึดึผืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ-ืขืจืš ืืฉืจ ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื™ืชืชื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืงืง ืœื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจืง ื ึฐืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ืฉืจืจื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ึดึผื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉืขื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื’ื ืื ื• ื ื•ึผื›ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ึผื‘ืกื•ืคื•-ืฉืœ-ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืง.

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ืกื›ื•ืžื™-ืขืชึตืง ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ืื›ืœื•ืก ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ึผื‘ึดืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.

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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช: ืžึตืขื™ืกื•ืง-ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ึผื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื-ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ึดึผืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื•ึผืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ึดืœืงื™-ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ึผืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ึผืžืชื‘ื•ื ืชื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”. ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœึดื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.

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ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื ืกื“ืงืช. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ืœึดืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช "ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช" ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ. ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืฆืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืชืช-ืชื•ื“ืขืชื™ื™ื. ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืึถื—ื“ ืžืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื—ืชื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื–ื›ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืชื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ึผืฉื˜ื™ืคืช-ืžื•ื—.

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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช

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ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืœื•ึผื˜ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืจืคืœ. ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•ึน ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืื“ื™ืจื” ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืชืกื™ืกื” ืคื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ืื” ื•ึผืžื•ื›ืจืช ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืจืก. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืกื“ืจ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.

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ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชึตืง ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ืœืœื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ึผืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ึผืœื”ื“ืœืคื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ึผึดื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ื•ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ึผืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืข-ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื. ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืœื™-ื”ื ืฉืง ื ึทืขึฒืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื”ึผ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื”ึผ ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืจืก ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ". ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืกื•ื ืจ ื•ื ืฉืง. ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ืžืช ื•ึผืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืขืฉ, ืืฉ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.

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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉืง ื—ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืจื‘ืช-ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื”ึผ ื‘ืฉื“ืœื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉืง ื—ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ึผืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžืงืจื™ ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™-ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ื”ืขื•ืœ ื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžืกื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื”ึผ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื™-ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื–ื•ึน ืื™ื ื ื”ึผ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืงื• ืขื ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”"ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื”" ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื•ื—.

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"ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืœึดื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ึผึถื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื”ึผ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ึทืึฒื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื‘ึผึดืคึผืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื."

ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”, ืคื•ืœ ื”ืœื™ื™ืจ, 2008โ€‹

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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ึดืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื

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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ึดืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ึผื ืขืช ืžืจื•ื•ื—, ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคึผึตืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžึทืฆึผื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ึดืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื™, ืื ืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™, ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื•ึผืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”ึผ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืขืœืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ึดืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื˜ืกืœื”, ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ึผืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ึดึผืงืคื™ื“ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœึดื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ึผื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ึผืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื. ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ื”ืจืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ึผืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐื‘ื™ ื—ึถื‘ึฐืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื•ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ื•ื— ื•ึฐืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืกื™ื“ื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื• ืฉืœืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœึดื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ึผืœื“ืœื“ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื ื• ืึทื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžึตื”ืฉืงืคืช-ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช.

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ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืžืฉืื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœึดื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช-ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ื›ืžื• ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืจืช ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ึดึผืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ึดึผืฉืœืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ื“ืœืงื™ื, ื’ื–ื™ื, ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื•ึผืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ึดึผื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื“ึดืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.

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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช

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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ึดึผื‘ึฐื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ึผืœืขืชื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืฃ ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•ึน ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœืกื—ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข-ืฉื•ื•ื, ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืกืœื™-ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.

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ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืฉืœืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ึผื‘ึดื›ืœืœืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื•ืฉืงืจื™, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื›ืจื•ืช, ื”ืกืชืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืชืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ื™-ืžื™ื ื•ึผื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ึผืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ึผืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ึดึผื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.

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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ึผืชืœื•ืช.

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"ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ [ืื•ืชืŸ] ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช-ืžืจืฉื ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืงืคื•, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ! ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช-ืžืจืฉื ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื."

ื“"ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืกื˜ืืจืคื™ืœื“, ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœึดืจืคื•ืื”, 2000

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"'ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช' (ืžืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื•ื ื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ) ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช 106,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ-ื™ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’."

ื˜' ืงื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืžืคื‘ืœ, ืฉืœืžื•ืช: ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”

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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ" ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•ึน ื”ึดืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืขืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื”ึผ ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.

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"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื’ืœื’ืœืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ึธืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉืชื™ ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขืœ ืื—ืจ."

ื“"ืจ ื’ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืจื ืจ, ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’

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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื•, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืืช ืœึธืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ึผืฉืืจ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.

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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื›ืคึผื™ื ื›ึดึผืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ึดึผืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื-ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืืกืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืชื ืชื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืกื•ืคื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื•ึผืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื•ึผืœืคืจืกื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื›ื•ืจ.

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โ€‹ื‘ืื•ืชื”ึผ ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื”ึผ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžืžืœื—ืžื”, ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžืชื—ืœื•ืื”. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ึผ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœื˜ืคื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื”ึผ, ื•ึผื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•ึน ืžืขืœื™ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”ึผ ืฉืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ืกื”ึผ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ึดึผืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžึทืจึฐืคื.

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ืคืจืง 9: ื”ื–ื ื”: ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื

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